Cross-connect switch using 1D arrays of beam steering elements

ABSTRACT

An optical cross-connect including two deflector arrays optically separated by an angle-to-offset (ATO) element, wherein each deflector array includes a plurality of deflectors aligned in an array direction, each deflector array having a switching direction substantially perpendicular to the corresponding array direction, the array direction of the two deflector arrays being substantially perpendicular. Beam shaping optics convert light transmitted towards the first deflector array to have an elliptical cross-section at the first deflector array, thus providing a relatively simple and compact optical cross-connect.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/230,444, filed Mar. 31, 2014 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,488,787), which isincorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to optical switches, and inparticular to optical cross-connects.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Optical switches are commonly used in fiber optic communication systemsfor switching an optical signal from one optical fiber to another. Anoptical cross-connect is an optical switch that includes multiple inputand/or output ports and has the ability to provide, for the purposes ofsignal transfer, various input port/output port combinations.

Optical cross-connects are often broadly classified according to theoptics used to route the light and perform the switching (e.g.,waveguide or free-space). Optical cross-connects based on the deflectionof free-space light beams have emerged as excellent candidates for usein optical fiber communication systems due to their relatively lowinsertion loss, low cross talk, and insensitivity to wavelength andpolarization. Free-space based optical cross-connects typically includemultiple input ports and output ports connected across a switch core,which has the ability to connect, for purposes of signal transfer, anyinput port to any output port.

The switch core typically uses one or more arrays of beam-steeringelements. For example, in many free-space based systems the switch corewill include one or more deflector arrays, wherein each deflector arrayincludes an array of tiltable mirrors fabricated usingmicro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. In general, the inputand output ports will be physically located on opposite sides of theswitch core for direct or folded optical pathway communicationtherebetween, or will be located on the same physical side of the switchcore facing a mirror (e.g., in side-by-side matrices or interspersed ina single matrix arrangement).

Referring to FIG. 1, a schematic diagram of one prior art optical switchcore is shown. The optical switch 100 includes an input fiber array 116,an output fiber array 118, collimators 114, and two deflector arrays112. A light beam transmitted from an input fiber of input fiber array116 is switched to a selected output fiber of output fiber array 118along a folded Z-shaped optical path through the switch 100. Theindividual deflectors 110 on the deflector arrays 112 provide thedeflection along the folded optical pathway, thus allowing for a morecompact switch design.

Referring to FIG. 2, a schematic presentation of another prior artoptical switch core is shown. The optical switch 200 includes an inputfiber array 216, an output fiber array 218, two deflector arrays 212,and an angle-to-offset (ATO) lens 220. The ATO lens 220, which has afocal length f, is disposed in the center of the switch core between thefirst and second deflector arrays 212. More specifically, the first andsecond deflector arrays 212 are disposed at a focal plane of the ATOlens 220. The ATO lens 220 provides a re-imaging and deflects thepropagation path of light within the switch core. As is discussed inU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,487,334, 6,711,316, and 7,039,267, which are herebyincorporated by reference, the use of an ATO element provides an opticalswitch having reduced aberrations and/or that is relatively compact.

In the optical switch cores illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, each deflectorarray 112/212 is a 2D array of N² dual axis MEMS mirrors. For example,in one embodiment, each mirror is a silicon or polysilicon mirrormounted with a gimbal suspension. The number of ports achievable islimited by the diameter of the light beams incident on the MEMS mirrorsand the range through which the MEMS mirrors can rotate/tilt. Forexample, the tilt angle may be limited by the snap-down phenomenon,whereas the diameter of the light beams may be limited by the opticallayout and the size of the individually addressable MEMS mirrors. Ineach optical switch core 100/200, the light beams incident on theindividual MEMS mirrors have a round cross-section (e.g. there is a beamwaist at each of the individual MEMS mirrors in the array). In addition,the switch cores are designed such that the light beams incident on theMEMS mirrors in the MEMS arrays 112/212 have the same diameter withineach switch. For example, referring to FIG. 3, which schematicallyillustrates the beam size through the switch core 100, it is clear thatthe configuration causes the illumination spots on each micro-mirror inthe array 112 to have a same diameter (w_(m)). In addition, theswitching directions of the two deflector arrays 112 are parallel, andthe switching directions of the two deflector arrays 212 are parallel.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An optical cross-connect including two deflector arrays opticallyseparated by an angle-to-offset (ATO) element, wherein the switchingdirection of each deflector array is perpendicular to the other, andwherein elliptical light beams are incident on the deflector arrays, hasbeen found to provide a relatively simple and compact opticalcross-connect. Advantageously, this configuration only requiresdeflector arrays that provide deflection in a single dimension (e.g.,arrays of 1D deflectors), thus simplifying fabrication.

In accordance with one aspect of the instant invention there is providedan optical cross-connect comprising: an input port array and an outputport array, the input port array including a first input port forlaunching a beam of light; a first deflector array optically disposedbetween the input port array and the output port array, the firstdeflector array including a first plurality of individually controllabledeflectors aligned in a first array direction, each deflector in thefirst plurality of individually controllable deflectors having aswitching direction substantially perpendicular to the first arraydirection; a second deflector array optically disposed between the firstdeflector array and the output port array, the second deflector arrayincluding a second plurality of individually controllable deflectorsaligned in a second array direction, the second array directionsubstantially perpendicular to the first array direction, each deflectorin the second plurality of individually controllable deflectors having aswitching direction substantially perpendicular to the second arraydirection; first beam shaping optics optically disposed between theinput port array and the first deflector array and second beam shapingoptics optically disposed between the output port array and the seconddeflector array, the first beam shaping optics for shaping the beam oflight and providing a first elliptical beam spot at the first deflectorarray, a major axis of the elliptical spot substantially parallel to theswitching direction of the first deflector array; and an angle-to-offsetelement optically disposed between the first and second deflectorarrays, the angle-to-offset element having an optical axis and at leastone focal length, wherein each of the first and second deflector arraysis disposed substantially at a focal plane of the angle-to-offsetelement such that the angle-to-offset element directs the beam of lightfrom the first deflector array to the second deflector array andprovides a second elliptical beam spot on the second deflector array,the second elliptical beam spot having a major axis substantiallyperpendicular to the major axis of the first elliptical beam spot.

In accordance with one aspect of the instant invention there is providedan optical cross-connect comprising: an array of input ports, each inputport for providing a beam of light; input beam shaping optics forforcing each beam of light to have an elliptical cross-section; a firstdeflector array including a first plurality of deflectors, eachdeflector in the first plurality of deflectors comprising anindividually controllable deflector optically coupled to a differentinput port, each deflector in the first plurality of deflectors alignedalong a first axis and having a switching direction substantiallyperpendicular to the first axis, the first axis oriented relative to thefirst beam shaping optics such that the elliptical cross-section of eachbeam of light at the first deflector array has a major axissubstantially perpendicular to the first axis; an angle-to-offsetelement for transforming deflection angles provided by the deflectors ofthe first deflector array into offsets in direction substantiallyperpendicular to the first axis, the angle-to-offset element having anoptical axis and at least one focal length; a second deflector arrayincluding a second plurality of deflectors, each deflector in the secondplurality of deflectors comprising an individually controllabledeflector, each deflector in the second plurality of deflectors alignedalong a second axis and having a switching direction substantiallyperpendicular to the second axis, the second axis substantiallyperpendicular to the first axis such the elliptical cross-section ofeach beam of light at the second deflector array has a major axisperpendicular to the second axis; second beam shaping optics for forcingthe beams of light having an elliptical cross-section and deflected fromthe second deflector array to have a substantially circularcross-section; and an array of output ports, each output port forselectively receiving one of the beams of light having a circularcross-section.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from the following detailed description, taken in combinationwith the appended drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art optical switch core havingtwo MEMS mirror arrays;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a prior art optical switch core havingtwo MEMS mirror arrays and an ATO lens;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating the beam size within theswitch core illustrated in FIG. 1, wherein the optical path has beenunfolded and only one input fiber and output fiber are included forexemplary purposes;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a switch core in accordance with oneembodiment of the instant invention;

FIG. 5a is a schematic diagram of a switch core in accordance with oneembodiment of the instant invention wherein the beam shaping opticsinclude two spherical lenses and a cylindrical lens;

FIG. 5b is a top view of the switch core illustrated in FIG. 5 a;

FIG. 5c is a side view of the switch core illustrated in FIG. 5 a;

FIG. 6 is a side view of one configuration of a switch core inaccordance with an embodiment of the instant invention;

FIG. 7 is a top view of the switch core in FIG. 6; and

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a switch core in accordance with anembodiment of the instant invention including a concave mirror.

It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like featuresare identified by like reference numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a schematic diagram of a switch coreof an optical cross-connect in accordance with one embodiment of theinstant invention. The switch core 400, which is illustrated in anunfolded configuration for exemplary purposes, includes an input portarray 410, input beam shaping optics 420, a first deflector array 430,an angle-to-offset (ATO) element 440, a second deflector array 450,output beam shaping optics 460, and an output port array 470.

The input port array 410 includes a plurality of input ports forlaunching light into the switch core, whereas the output port array 470includes a plurality of output ports for selectively receiving lightfrom the input ports. In general, each port in the input port array 410and the output port array 470 will be optically coupled to an opticalfiber or waveguide. For example, in one embodiment the input port arrayis optically coupled to an input fiber array and the output port arrayis optically coupled to an output fiber array. Optionally, each inputand each output optical fiber/waveguide is optically coupled to acollimating/focusing lens centered on the optical axis thereof. Forexample, in one embodiment, the input and output port arrays areoptically coupled to input and output fiber arrays, respectively, whichare terminated in microlens arrays. In another embodiment, the end ofeach input and each output optical fiber/waveguide is provided with anexpanded core. In another embodiment, the input fiber array is coupledto a planar waveguide concentrator in which the waveguide spacing equalsthe fiber spacing on a first end coupled to the fiber array, and thewaveguide spacing is smaller than the fiber spacing on a second end.Providing each optical fiber/waveguide with a collimating/focusing lens,an expanded core, or a waveguide concentrator advantageously allows thenumber of input/output ports to increase.

The input port array 410 has N ports aligned in a first array directionand the output port array 470 has N ports aligned in a second arraydirection. Referring again to FIG. 4, the first array direction isperpendicular to the second array direction, both of which areperpendicular to the light propagation direction. The number of inputand/or output ports is typically between 3 and 300, and more commonlybetween 3 and 200. For example, in one embodiment, N=64. Notably,although this description includes references to input and outputports/fibers/waveguides for exemplary purposes, it will be understoodthat each of the ports/fibers/waveguides may send and/or receive opticalsignals, depending upon the direction of propagation of an opticalsignal.

Each of the input beam shaping optics 420 and output beam shaping optics460 includes one or more elements for producing elliptical beam spots ondeflector arrays 430/450. In particular, input beam shaping optics 420cause beams of light propagating from the array of input ports 410 toproduce elliptical beam spots on the first deflector array 430, whereasoutput beam shaping optics 460 cause elliptical beams from the seconddeflector array 450 to produce round spots on the array of output ports470 (e.g., or conversely, cause beams of light propagating from thearray of output ports 470 to produce elliptical beam spots on the seconddeflector array 450). In one embodiment, each of the input 420 andoutput 460 beam shaping optics includes an anamorphiccollimating/focusing element, such as a cylindrical lens, which bydefinition produces unequal magnifications along two perpendicular axesthereof. For example, in one embodiment the beam shaping optics includea cylindrical lens optically disposed between two spherical lenses,whereas in another embodiment, the beam shaping optics include anegative cylindrical lens (i.e., diverging) and a positive cylindricallens (i.e., converging) having different optical powers. In yet anotherembodiment, each of the input and output beam shaping optics includes apair of anamorphic prisms. Many other arrangements of spherical oraspherical lenses or mirrors, cylindrical lenses or mirrors, or prismscan be used to produce elliptical beam spots. In the embodimentsdescribed above, the input and output beam shaping optics include one ormore optics, each of which helps to shape all of the beams of lightlaunched to/from the input/output ports, however, in one embodiment ofthe instant invention separate beam shaping optics are provided for eachindividual port (e.g., integrated with the optical fiber/waveguides).Referring again to FIG. 4, the anamorphic optics in the input 420 andoutput 460 beam shaping optics generally will be oriented such that themajor axis of the elliptical beams spots on the first 430 and second 450deflector arrays are perpendicular. For example, consider the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 5a , wherein each of the input 420 and output 460beam shaping optics includes a cylindrical lens optically disposedbetween two spherical lenses. In this embodiment, the cylindrical axisof the cylindrical lens in the input beam shaping optics isperpendicular to cylindrical axis of the cylindrical lens in the outputbeam shaping optics (i.e., wherein both cylindrical axes areperpendicular to the light propagation direction).

Each of the first deflector array 430 and second deflector array 450 isa one dimensional array (i.e., a 1D array) of individually controllablebeam-steering elements. More specifically, the first deflector array 430is an array of N individually controllable beam steering elements, whichare aligned in a first array direction. The first deflector array 430 isoriented such that each of the N deflectors therein receives light froma different input port (e.g., such that a first beam of light launchedfrom a first input port in the input port array 410 is incident on afirst deflector in the first deflector array 430, and such that a secondbeam of light launched from a second input port in the input port array410 is incident on a second deflector in the first deflector array). Thesecond deflector array 450 is an array of N individually controllablebeam steering elements, which are aligned in a second array direction.The second deflector array 450 is oriented such that each of the Ndeflectors therein is optically coupled to a different output port.Referring again to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5a , the first array direction isperpendicular to the second array direction.

Each deflector in the first 430 and second 450 arrays selectivelydeflects (about one dimension) light incident thereon at a controllableangle. More specifically, each deflector in the first 430 and second 450arrays selectively deflects light incident thereon in a switchingdirection. For deflector arrays having deflectors that only providedeflection in one dimension (i.e., 1D deflectors) the term “switchingdirection” refers to the general direction that light is directed. Forexample, if a 1D deflector is configured to deflect light at upwardand/or downward angles, as for example the first array 430 illustratedin FIGS. 5a and 5c , the switching direction is a vertical direction(i.e., parallel to the y-axis). If the deflector is configured todeflect light at an angle to the side, as for example the second array450 illustrated in FIGS. 5a and 5b , the switching direction is ahorizontal direction. Referring again to FIGS. 4 and 5 a, the arraydirection for the first deflector array 430 is parallel to the x-axis,whereas the switching direction for the same deflector array is parallelto the y-axis. The switching direction for the first deflector array 430and the switching direction in second deflector array 450 areperpendicular to each other.

In one embodiment, each of the first deflector array 430 and seconddeflector array 450 is array of transmissive elements, such as an arrayof liquid crystal phase elements or tiltable prisms. For example, in oneembodiment each of the first deflector array 430 and second deflectorarray 450 is a liquid crystal phase modulator array, which providesselective beam steering via refractive index control. In thisembodiment, the input port array 410 and/or output port array 470typically are optically coupled to one or more elements producing lighthaving a predetermined polarization state.

In another embodiment, each of the first deflector array 430 and thesecond deflector array 450 is an array of reflective elements, such as atilting mirror array or a reflective array of liquid crystal phaseelements. In embodiments including a tilting mirror array, tilting ofeach mirror in the mirror array is achieved using one of the manyactuators known in the art (e.g., electrostatic, piezoelectric,electromechanical, or electromagnetic actuators). For example, in oneembodiment, each of the first deflector array 430 and the seconddeflector array 450 is a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) array ofelectrostatically controlled micro-mirrors (e.g., a MEMS array on a MEMSchip). When each deflector in the first deflector array 430 and thesecond deflector array 450 is a micro-mirror, the micro-mirrors withineach array is tiltable about a common switching axis, which isperpendicular to the switching direction and parallel to the arraydirection. Referring again to FIGS. 4 and 5 a, if the first deflectorarray 430 and second deflector array 450 are MEMS arrays, the switchingaxis for the first deflector array 430 will be substantiallyperpendicular to the switching axis of the second deflector array 450.In embodiments wherein each of the first deflector array 430 and thesecond deflector array 450 is a liquid crystal on silicon phasemodulator array, the light beams are steered by linearly tilting theincoming beam's phase front.

The angle-to-offset (ATO) element 440 directs the light transmittedbetween the first 430 and second 440 deflector arrays. Morespecifically, the ATO element 440 transforms beam angles produced by thefirst 430 and second 450 deflector arrays and transmitted toward the ATOelement 440 into beam offsets (i.e., relative to the optical axis of theATO element). Such an ATO element is sometimes referred to as a “Fourierlens.” In general, the ATO element 440 will be an element having opticalpower, such as a convex lens (e.g., a bi-convex, plano-convex, orconcave-convex (meniscus) lens), a GRIN lens, a concave mirror, etc. Forexample, in one embodiment the ATO element is a spherical lens having afocal length f. In another embodiment, the ATO element is formed fromtwo or more spherical lenses.

The ATO element 440 is optically disposed between the first 430 andsecond 450 deflector arrays, typically such that each of the first 430and second 450 deflector arrays is disposed substantially at a focalplane of the ATO element 440. Notably, the ATO element 440 illustratedin FIGS. 4 and 5 a is shown as a lens for ease of illustration only. Inembodiments in which the ATO element 440 is reflective, the opticalpaths illustrated in the appended figures are “folded” about the planeof the ATO element 440. If the ATO element 440 is a lens, the first 430and second 450 deflector arrays will be disposed on opposite sides ofthe ATO lens substantially at opposing focal planes. If the ATO element440 is a mirror, the first 430 and second 450 deflector arrays will bedisposed on a same side of the ATO mirror, substantially at the samefocal plane.

The use of ATO elements in optical switch cores is known in the art, andis for example, described in further detail in Canadian PatentApplication No. 2,326,362, the disclosure of which is hereinincorporated by reference. However, in each case, the beams of lightincident on the ATO lens and deflector arrays are assumed to have acircular cross-section. When the incident beam of light has a roundcross-section, the ATO element is considered to function as a “true” ATOelement when the focal length f approximately corresponds to the nearzone length (multi mode) or Rayleigh range (single mode) of the beam oflight incident on the ATO element. The use of a symmetric arrangementand a true ATO element means that the size (i.e., the diameter) of alight beam routed through the switch core is substantially the same atboth input and output port arrays, thus facilitating optimal coupling ofthe beam between input and output optical fibers/waveguides.

Referring again to FIGS. 4 and 5 a, the beams of light incident on thedeflector arrays 430/450 and ATO element 440 have an ellipticalcross-section. In this case, the ATO element 440 is considered tofunction as a “true” ATO element when the focal length f of the ATOelement 440 is approximately equal to the square root of the ((Rayleighrange of beam major axis)*(Rayleigh range of beam minor axis)), suchthat the major axis of a light beam incident on the first deflectorarray 420 transforms to be equal to the minor axis of the light beam onthe second deflector array 450, and such that the minor axis of a lightbeam on the first deflector array 420 transforms to be equal to themajor axis of the light beam on the second deflector array.

In one embodiment, the ATO element 440 in FIGS. 4 and 5 a does notfunction as a true ATO element. In another embodiment, the ATO element440 in FIGS. 4 and 5 a does function as a true ATO element. For example,referring again to FIG. 5a , in one embodiment the input beam shapingoptics 420, output beam shaping optics 470, first deflector array 430,and second deflector array 450 are symmetrically disposed about the ATOelement 450, which has a focal length f substantially equal to thesquare root of the ((Rayleigh range of beam major axis)*(Rayleigh rangeof beam minor axis)) of the light beams at the deflector arrays 430/450.Advantageously, this symmetric configuration provides a relativelycompact and simple design.

Referring also to FIGS. 5b and 5c , the operation of the opticalcross-connect in FIG. 5a is described in further detail. Referring toFIG. 5b , a beam of light is launched into the optical switch core atthe nth input port in the array of input ports 410. In general, the beamof light will be a substantially collimated beam of light (e.g.,collimated via a micro-lens from a micro-lens array (not shown)). Thebeam of light passes through the input beam shaping optics 420, whichtransform the beam of light so that it has an elliptical cross-section.The beam of light then propagates to the nth deflector in the firstdeflector array 430, wherein it is incident thereon with an ellipticalbeam spot having a major axis parallel to the switching direction of thedeflector array 430 (e.g., elongated in the vertical direction such thatthe major axis is parallel to the y-axis). The ATO element 440 directsthe beam of light transmitted from/through the nth deflector in thefirst deflector array 430 towards the second deflector array 450.

Referring also to FIG. 5c , the nth deflector in the first array 430selectively deflects the beam of light at a first angle in the switchingdirection. As a result, the beam of light is incident on the ATO element440 at an angle relative to the optical axis of the ATO element 440(i.e., represented by a dash-dot-dash line). The ATO element 440transforms this angle to an offset (e.g., illustrated as a verticaloffset) relative to the optical axis of the ATO element 440. Morespecifically, the beam of light is directed to the mth deflector of thesecond deflector array 450, which is determined by the first angle(i.e., the deflection angle provided by the nth deflector in the firstarray 430 will determine which deflector in the second array 450 thebeam of light will be directed to). The beam of light is incident on themth deflector in the second deflector array 450 with an elliptical beamspot having a major axis parallel to the switching direction of thesecond deflector array 450 (e.g., elongated in the horizontal directionsuch that the major axis is parallel to the x-axis). For efficientcoupling of light to the mth output port, the mth deflector should beset to direct the beam toward the mth output port. Conversely, if weimagine light propagating from the mth output port to the mth deflectorof the second deflector array, the mth deflector should be set todeflect the beam toward the nth deflector of the first deflector array.The mth deflector, selectively deflects the beam of light to the mthoutput port. More specifically, the mth deflector either deflects thebeam of light at an angle away from the mth output port, or towards themth output port. The beam of light is directed to the output beamshaping optics 460, which transform the beam such that it has a circularcross-section before it is focused on the mth output port. In general,the angle provided by the mth deflector will be selected to either blockthe light beam entirely from reaching the mth output port or to optimizeoptical coupling with the mth output port, however, in some embodiments,the angle is selected to provide a predetermined amount of attenuation.

Advantageously, providing two deflector arrays having substantiallyperpendicular switching directions, wherein the two deflector arrays areoptically disposed on either side of an ATO element means that only asingle row of deflectors is required for each of the deflector arrays(i.e., 1D arrays), and that each deflector only needs to providedeflection in one dimension (i.e., 1D deflectors). For example, if thedeflector arrays are MEMS mirrors then each MEMS mirror only needs totilt about one axis, not two (i.e., a 1D MEMs mirror). Accordingly, thedeflector arrays are relatively simple with lower manufacturing costs.For example, if the deflector arrays are MEMS micro-mirror arrays theneach deflector will only require two drive electrodes (i.e., a 1D MEMSmirror requires only two drive electrodes, instead of the four requiredfor a 2D tilting MEMS mirror), thus reducing the cost of driveelectronics. In addition, it is easier to manufacture 1D tilting MEMSmirrors than 2D tilting MEMS mirrors, so manufacturing cost is lower andyield is higher. Furthermore, since each deflector array only has asingle row of deflectors, the input and output fiber arrays are 1Darrays instead of 2D arrays, which are simpler and cheaper tomanufacture.

Further advantageously, providing input and output beam shaping opticsthat provide an elliptical beam spot on the two deflector arrays,wherein the beam spots are elongated in the switching direction, meansthat the individual deflectors in the deflector arrays can be smaller inarea since the beam size is reduced in the array direction. This isparticularly advantageous when the deflector arrays 430,450 are MEMSmirrors. For example, since the cost of MEMS devices is roughlyproportional to the surface area of the MEMS mirror, this results in acost savings.

Further advantageously, in addition to reducing the size of theindividual MEMS chip, and thus chip cost, by using elliptical beams,combining the use of elliptical beams with the crossed deflector arraysreduces the overall switch size. For example, consider the switch coreillustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 a if the input beams and output beams wereround and of equal size (e.g., having radius ω₀). In this case, thefocal length f of the ATO lens 440 should be equal to the Rayleigh rangez_(r) of the input and output beams:f=z _(r)=πω₀ ²/λ  (1)where ω₀ is the beam waist size. If the input beam size and output beamsize are not the same, the focal length f of the lens should bef=π(ω₀₁)(ω₀₂)/λ.  (2)Therefore by reducing ω₀₂ the focal length f of the lens is reduced andthe overall switch size is reduced. Note that in both x and ydirections, the relationship in Eq. (2) holds, since in one case ω₀₁ isthe input beam size and ω₀₂ is the output beam size, and in the othercase ω₀₁ is the output beam size and ω₀₂ is the input beam size.

The beam size in the switching direction of the first array 430 shouldbe a certain minimum size in order to obtain a sufficiently smalldivergence angle of the beam and thus enable switching to the desirednumber of distinct output ports. The divergence angle θ of the beam isrelated to the beam size byθ=λ/(πω₀).  (3)

As an illustrative example, if θ_(lens) is the divergence angle thatwould allow the beam to be fully captured by the ATO lens 440, the beamsize must be greater thanω_(min)=λ/πθ_(lens)  (4)to ensure that the beam will pass through the ATO lens 440. To enableswitching to 30 ports would require the beam divergence to be less thanθ_(lens)/30 (e.g., since we should be able to direct the beam to 30distinct positions within the aperture of the lens 440) and thus thebeam size must be greater than 30*ω_(min).

However, in the non-switching direction (i.e., in the array direction),there is no such restriction, except that the beam divergence shouldfall within the aperture of the lens 440. Accordingly, the beam width inthe array direction can be greatly reduced, thus reducing the overallbeam spot size at the output ports, and as a result the required focallength f. Reducing the required focal length reduces the overall size ofthe switch core. Notably, when the deflector arrays are MEMSmicro-mirror arrays, it is usually not the lens aperture which limitsthe switch design, but factors such as the maximum beam steering angleachievable by the MEMS micro-mirrors. Regardless, providing beam shapingoptics that cause the beam spots to be reduced in the array directionprovides for a more compact optical switch.

In the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 a, the optical layouthas been illustrated in an unfolded configuration for clarity. In someembodiments, the optical layout will provide a folded configuration.

Referring to FIG. 6, there is shown a side view of an opticalcross-connect in accordance with one embodiment of the instantinvention. The optical cross-connect has a switch core 600 that includesan input port array 610, input beam shaping optics 620 (i.e., includinga cylindrical lens 620 a, a first spherical mirror 620 b, and a secondspherical mirror 620 c), a first deflector array 630 (only one deflectoris visible since the array direction is out of the page), anangle-to-offset (ATO) element 640 formed from first and second lenselements (e.g., two spherical lenses), a second deflector array 650(array direction in the plane of the page), output beam shaping optics660 (i.e., including a cylindrical lens 660 a, a first spherical mirror660 b, and a second spherical mirror 660 c), and an output port array670.

Each input port in the input port array 610 is optically coupled to aninput optical fiber or input waveguide, whereas each output port in theoutput port array 670 is optically coupled to an output optical fiber oroutput waveguide. More specifically, the input port array 610 isoptically coupled to an input fiber array terminated in a firstmicrolens array and the output port array 670 is optically coupled to anoutput fiber array terminated in a second microlens array. Each inputport array 610 and each output port array 670 will have N ports alignedin an array direction, wherein the array directions of the first andsecond port arrays are perpendicular. Notably, only one input port andone output port is shown in FIG. 6 for clarity.

Each of the input beam shaping optics 620 and output beam shaping optics660 includes two spherical mirrors and a cylindrical lens. The inputbeam shaping optics 620 cause beams of light propagating from the arrayof input ports 610 to produce elliptical beam spots on the firstdeflector array 630, whereas output beam shaping optics 660 shape theelliptical beams of light propagating from the second deflector array650 toward the array of output ports 670 into beams of light having acircular cross-section (i.e., there are round beam spots at the array ofoutput ports 670). The cylindrical lens in the input beam shaping optics620 a is oriented with its cylindrical axis perpendicular to thecylindrical axis of the cylindrical lens in the output beam shapingoptics 660 a.

Each of the first deflector array 630 and second deflector array 650 isa micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) array of electrostaticallycontrolled micro-mirrors (e.g., a 1D array of 1D MEMS micro-mirrors on aMEMS chip). More specifically, each MEMS array 630/650 includes a 1Darray of N 1D MEMS micro-mirrors aligned in an array direction. Thearray direction for the first array 630 is perpendicular to the arraydirection of the second array 650. The micro-mirrors within each arrayare tiltable about a common switching axis, which is parallel to thecorresponding array direction. For example, in one embodiment, themicro-mirror arrays are fabricated using the design disclosed, in U.S.Pat. No. 8,531,752, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The angle-to-offset (ATO) element 640 directs the light transmittedbetween the first 630 and second 640 deflector arrays. Morespecifically, the ATO element 640 transforms beam angles produced by thefirst 630 and second 650 deflector arrays and transmitted toward the ATOelement 640 into beam offsets (i.e., relative to the optical axis of theATO element). In this embodiment, the ATO element 640 is formed from twolens elements, each having a focal length f. The ATO element 640 isoptically disposed between the first 630 and second 650 deflectorarrays, typically such that the first 630 and second 650 deflectorarrays are disposed at opposing focal planes of the ATO element 640.

In operation, the spherical mirrors 620 b, 620 c, 660 b, 660 c, providea relay system that directs light within the switch core. In particular,a light beam input at an input port is directed by the first sphericalmirror 620 b to second spherical mirror 620 c, and by the secondspherical mirror 620 c to the first deflector array 630. The firstdeflector array 630 directs the beam of light to the ATO element 640,and the ATO element 640 directs the beam of light to the seconddeflector array 650. The second deflector array 650 directs the beam oflight to the second spherical mirror 660 c (e.g., which is disposed infront of the ATO element 640 in FIG. 6), and the second spherical mirror660 c directs the beam of light to the output port via the firstspherical mirror 660 b. Referring also to FIG. 7, which is a top view ofthe optical cross-connect in FIG. 6, it is apparent that the sphericalmirror 660 c is physically offset from the ATO element 640, whereas inFIG. 6 it is apparent that the spherical mirror 620 c is physicallyoffset from the ATO element 640.

Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown a schematic diagram of an opticalcross-connect in accordance with another embodiment of the instantinvention. The optical cross-connect includes an input port arrayincluding a first input port 810 a, input beam shaping optics 820, afirst deflector array 830, a concave mirror 840, a fixed mirror 845, asecond deflector array 850, output beam shaping optics 860, and anoutput port array including an output port 870 a. The array directionsof the first 830 and second 850 deflector arrays are perpendicular. Inaddition, the switching directions of the first 830 and second 850deflector arrays are perpendicular. The input/output port arrays andfirst/second deflector arrays are disposed on the same side of theswitch core, typically in either in a side-by-side configuration or in across-shaped configuration.

Each input port in the input port array is optically coupled to an inputoptical fiber or input waveguide, whereas each output port in the outputport array is optically coupled to an output optical fiber or outputwaveguide. More specifically, each of the input port array and outputport array is coupled to a planar waveguide concentrator in which thewaveguide spacing equals the fiber spacing on a first end coupled to thefiber array, and the waveguide spacing is smaller than the fiber spacingon a second opposite end. Each input port array and each output portarray will have N ports aligned in an array direction, wherein the arraydirections of the first and second port arrays are perpendicular.

The input beam shaping optics 820 and output beam shaping optics 860includes first and second cylindrical lenses, respectively, wherein thecylindrical axis of the first lens is substantially perpendicular tocylindrical axis of the second lens. Notably, different sections of theconcave mirror 840 also help to shape input/output beams of light. Inparticular, the first cylindrical lens and the parts of the concavemirror 840 that provide reflections 1 and 2 correspond to the input beamshaping optics 820, whereas the second cylindrical lens and the parts ofthe concave mirror 840 that provide reflections 4 and 5 correspond tothe output beam shaping optics 860, The input beam shaping optics 820cause beams of light propagating from the array of input ports toproduce elliptical beam spots on the first deflector array 830, whereasoutput beam shaping optics 860 shape the elliptical beams of lightpropagating from the second deflector array 850 toward the array ofoutput ports 870 into beams of light having a circular cross-section(i.e., there are round beam spots at the array of output ports). Thecylindrical lens in the input beam shaping optics is oriented with itscylindrical axis perpendicular to the cylindrical axis of thecylindrical lens in the output beam shaping optics.

Each deflector in the first 830 and second 850 arrays selectivelydeflects (about one dimension) light incident thereon at a controllableangle. More specifically, each deflector in the first 830 and second 850arrays selectively deflects light incident thereon in a switchingdirection, which is perpendicular to the corresponding array direction.The switching direction for the first deflector array 830 and theswitching direction in second deflector array 850 are perpendicular toeach other. In one embodiment, each of first deflector array 830 and thesecond deflector array 850 is a liquid crystal on silicon phasemodulator array. More specifically, each of the first deflector array830 and the second deflector array 850 is a 1D array of N 1D liquidcrystal deflectors aligned in an array direction. In another embodiment,each of the first deflector array 830 and second deflector array 850 isa micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) array of electrostaticallycontrolled micro-mirrors (e.g., a 1D array of 1D MEMS micro-mirrors on aMEMS chip). Optionally, each of the first 830 and second 850 deflectorarrays include one or more optical by-passes (e.g., a hole or opening inthe MEMS chip array that allows light to pass therethrough substantiallyunaltered).

The concave mirror 840 directs the light transmitted between the first830 and second 840 deflector arrays. More specifically, at reflection 3the concave mirror 840 transforms beam angles (not shown) produced bythe first 830 and second 850 deflector arrays and transmitted toward theconcave mirror 840 into beam offsets (i.e., relative to the optical axisof the concave mirror). The concave mirror 840 has a focal plane atwhich the array of input ports 810, first deflector array 830, fixedmirror 845, second deflector array 850, and output port array aredisposed.

In operation, a beam of light 812 is launched into the switch corethrough the input port 810 a towards the concave mirror 840. The concavemirror 840 directs the beam of light 812 (i.e., having the ellipticalcross-section provided by the beam shaping optics 820) to the fixedmirror 845, which redirects the beam 812 back to the concave mirror 840once again. The concave mirror 840 redirects the beam 812 to one of thedeflectors in the first deflector array 830, which selectively deflectsthe beam of light an angle in the switching direction thereof anddirects the beam 812 back to the concave mirror 840 for a third time.One of the deflectors in the second deflector array 850 then receivesthe beam of light 812 and selectively deflects the beam of light anangle in the switching direction thereof and redirects it back to thefixed mirror 845, once again, via the concave mirror 840. The beam oflight 812 is then reflected off the concave mirror 840 for the fifth andlast time and is directed to one of the output ports 870 a via theoutput beam shaping optics 860. Advantageously, providing an ATO elementformed from a concave mirror provides a relatively simple and compactconfiguration.

Numerous other embodiments can be envisaged without departing from thespirit and scope of the invention. Of course, the above embodiments havebeen provided as examples only. It will be appreciated by those ofordinary skill in the art that various modifications, alternateconfigurations, and/or equivalents will be employed without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope ofthe invention is therefore intended to be limited solely by the scope ofthe appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An optical cross-connect comprising: a firstdeflector array, optically disposed between an input port array and anoutput port array, including a first plurality of individuallycontrollable deflectors aligned in a first array direction, eachindividually controllable deflector, of the first plurality ofindividually controllable deflectors, having a first switching directionsubstantially perpendicular to the first array direction; a seconddeflector array, optically disposed between the first deflector arrayand the output port array, including a second plurality of individuallycontrollable deflectors aligned in a second array direction, eachindividually controllable deflector, of the second plurality ofindividually controllable deflectors, having a second switchingdirection substantially perpendicular to the second array direction;first beam shaping optics, optically disposed between the input portarray and the first deflector array, for shaping a beam of light,launched from an input port of the input port array, and providing afirst elliptical beam spot at the first deflector array, a major axis ofthe first elliptical beam spot being substantially parallel to the firstswitching direction; and second beam shaping optics, optically disposedbetween the output port array and the second deflector array, a majoraxis of a second elliptical beam spot at the second deflector arraybeing substantially parallel to the second switching direction.
 2. Theoptical cross-connect of claim 1, further comprising: an angle-to-offsetelement, optically disposed between the first deflector array and thesecond deflector array, for directing the shaped beam of light from thefirst deflector array to the second deflector array and providing thesecond elliptical beam spot.
 3. The optical cross-connect of claim 2,wherein the first deflector array and the second deflector array aredisposed substantially at a focal plane of the angle-to-offset elementsuch that the angle-to-offset element directs the beam of light from thefirst deflector array to the second deflector array and provides thesecond elliptical beam spot.
 4. The optical cross-connect of claim 2,wherein the angle-to-offset element comprises at least one lens ormirror.
 5. The optical cross-connect of claim 1, wherein the first beamshaping optics and the second beam shaping optics include a cylindricallens.
 6. The optical cross-connect of claim 1, wherein the firstdeflector array and the second deflector array include a liquid crystalphase element.
 7. The optical cross-connect of claim 1, wherein eachindividually controllable deflector, of the first plurality ofindividually controllable deflectors, is a 1D tilting MEMS micro-mirrorhaving a shape that is elongated in a direction substantiallyperpendicular to the first array direction.
 8. The optical cross-connectof claim 1, wherein each individually controllable deflector, of thesecond plurality of individually controllable deflectors, is a 1Dtilting MEMS micro-mirror having a shape that is elongated in adirection substantially perpendicular to the second array direction. 9.The optical cross-connect of claim 1, wherein the input port array isparallel to the first deflector array and perpendicular to the outputport array.
 10. The optical cross-connect of claim 1, wherein the inputport array is optically coupled to an input optical fiber array.
 11. Theoptical cross-connect of claim 1, wherein the output port array isoptically coupled to an output optical fiber array.
 12. A methodcomprising: shaping, by first beam shaping optics optically disposedbetween an input port array and a first deflector array, a beam oflight, launched from an input port of the input port array; providing,by first beam shaping optics, a first elliptical beam spot at the firstdeflector array; deflecting, by the first deflector array opticallydisposed between an input port array and an output port array, theshaped beam of light, the first deflector array including a firstplurality of individually controllable deflectors aligned in a firstarray direction, each individually controllable deflector, of the firstplurality of individually controllable deflectors, having a firstswitching direction substantially perpendicular to the first arraydirection, and a major axis of the first elliptical beam spot issubstantially parallel to the first switching direction; deflecting, bya second deflector array optically disposed between the first deflectorarray and the output port array, the deflected beam of light, therebyproviding a twice deflected beam of light, the second deflector arrayincluding a second plurality of individually controllable deflectorsaligned in a second array direction, each individually controllabledeflector, of the second plurality of individually controllabledeflectors, having a second switching direction substantiallyperpendicular to the second array direction, and a major axis of asecond elliptical beam spot at the second deflector array beingsubstantially parallel to the second switching direction; and shaping,by second beam shaping optics optically disposed between the output portarray and the second deflector array, the twice deflected beam of light.13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: directing, by anangle-to-offset element optically disposed between the first deflectorarray and the second deflector array, the deflected beam of light fromthe first deflector array to the second deflector array; and providing,by the angle-to-offset element, the second elliptical beam spot.
 14. Themethod of claim 13, wherein the first deflector array and the seconddeflector array are disposed substantially at a focal plane of theangle-to-offset element such that the angle-to-offset element directsthe beam of light from the first deflector array to the second deflectorarray and provides the second elliptical beam spot on the seconddeflector array.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the angle-to-offsetelement comprises at least one lens or mirror.
 16. The method of claim12, wherein at least one of: the first beam shaping optics and thesecond beam shaping optics include a cylindrical lens, or wherein thefirst deflector array and the second deflector array include a liquidcrystal phase element.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein eachindividually controllable deflector, of the first plurality ofindividually controllable deflectors, is a 1D tilting MEMS micro-mirrorhaving a shape that is elongated in a direction substantiallyperpendicular to the first array direction.
 18. The method of claim 12,wherein each individually controllable deflector, of the secondplurality of individually controllable deflectors, is a 1D tilting MEMSmicro-mirror having a shape that is elongated in a directionsubstantially perpendicular to the second array direction.
 19. Themethod of claim 12, wherein the input port array is parallel to thefirst deflector array and perpendicular to the output port array. 20.The method of claim 12, wherein at least one of: the input port array isoptically coupled to an input optical fiber array, or the output portarray is optically coupled to an output optical fiber array.